Military cyber operations in armed conflicts
the issue of attacks on dual use objects and critical infrastructure
Keywords:
Military Cyber Operations (MCOs), International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Critical Infrastructure, Dual-use objectsAbstract
Military cyber operations (MCOs) are increasingly being used by military forces around the world in times of armed conflict, having the issue of their legal use to be discussed and addressed from the perspective of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Cyberattacks, when used in conjunction with kinetic operations, can have a devastating effect on civilian lives and civilian objects by affecting a society's critical infrastructure, calling into question the legality of attacks on dual-use objects. Thus, solutions must be thought of and put into practice, so that civilian lives are affected as little as possible.
References
BRASIL. Ministério da Defesa. Glossário das Forças Armadas. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt- br/arquivos/legislacao/emcfa/publicacoes/doutrina/md35-G-01-glossario-das- forcas-armadas-5-ed-2015-com-alteracoes.pdf, Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
CICV. Base de Dados do Direito Internacional Humanitário Consuetudinário. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://ihl- databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule22. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2022.
CICV. Glossário. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/what-we-do/building-respect- ihl/education-outreach/ehl/ehl-other-language-versions/ehl-portuguese- glossary.pdf. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
CICV. International Humanitarian Law and Cyber Operations during Armed Conflicts. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-humanitarian-law-and-cyber- operations-during-armed-conflicts. Acesso em: 14 jan. 2022.
CICV. International Humanitarian Law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts. In: 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Genebra, 2015, p. 205. Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-humanitarian-law-and- challenges-contemporary-armed-conflicts. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2022.
CICV. Online Casebook: How does law protect in war? Corte Internacional de Justiça, Opinião Consultiva no Caso de Armas Nucleares, parágrafo 86. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icj-nuclear-weapons-advisory-opinion. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2022.
CICV. Online Casebook: How does law protect in war? Tribunal Criminal Internacional da Antiga Iugoslávia, Promotoria vs. Dusko Tadic, parágrafos 49 e 60. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.google.com/search?q=tadic+online+casebook&rlz=1C1CHZN_ pt- BRBR936BR936&oq=tadic+online+casebook&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61j69 i60l3.2568j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8. Acesso em: 14 jan. 2022.
CICV. Principles and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. Written Paper Submission. Disponível em: https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/ourrolepolicies/peaceandsecurity/ewipa/ICRC- IHL-Written-Paper-Submission---10-February-2020.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jan. 2022.
CONVENÇÕES de Genebra, artigo comum 2 às Convenções de Genebra. 12 agosto de 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/treaties-customary- law/geneva-conventions. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2022.
COTTER, Maurice. Military Necessity, Proportionality and Dual-Use Objects at the ICTY: A Close Reading of the Prlic et al. Proceedings on the Destruction of the Old Bridge of Mostar. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, [s. l.], v. 23(2), p. 297, 7 jan. 2018.
DOCUMENTOS DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Relatório nº 462 do Secretariado Geral das Nações Unidas acerca da proteção de civis em meio a conflitos armados. 2018. p. 2. Disponível em: https://www.undocs.org/S/2018/462. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2022.
FARWELL, James P.; ROHOZINSKI, Rafal. Stuxnet and the Future of Cyber War. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy: Cyber threats, [s. l.], p. 23-40, 28 jan. 2011. DOI 10.1080/00396338.2011.555586. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396338.2011.555586. Acesso em: 22 dez. 2021.
GLOBAL PROTECTION CLUSTER. Protection of Civilians. Disponível em: https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/themes/protection-of-civilians/. Acesso em: 09 jan. 2022.
GREPPI, Edoardo. International Humanitarian Law in Cyber Operations. Instituto Italiano para Estudos Políticos Internacionais. Disponível em: https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/international-humanitarian-law- cyber-operations-20372. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2022.
HERR, Trey; HERRICK, Drew. Military Cyber Operations: A Primer. American Foreign Policy Council, Washington, DC, n. 14, 30 jan. 2016. Defense Technology Program Brief. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2725275. Acesso em: 22 dez. 2021.
LIPTAK, Andrew. Israel launched an airstrike in response to a Hamas cyberattack. The Verge, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/5/18530412/israel-defense-force-hamas- cyber-attack-air-strike. Acesso em: 25 dez. 2021.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Carta da Organização das Nações Unidas, artigo 1º e artigo 2º (4), 21 dez. 1945.
PARIS Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace - Paris Call. Supporters. Disponível em: https://pariscall.international/en/supporters. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2022.
PROTOCOLO Adicional I às Convenções de Genebra de 1949, 08 de junho de 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva- conventions. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2022.
PROTOCOLO Adicional II às Convenções de Genebra de 1949, 08 de junho de 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva- conventions. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2022.
SASSÒLI, Marco. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2019.
SHUE, Henry; WIPPMAN, David. Limiting Attacks on Dual-Use Facilities Performing Indispensable Civilian Functions. Cornell International Law Journal, [s. l.], v. 35, n. article 7, ed. Issue 3 Winter 2002, p. 559, 2002.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista do Ministério Público Militar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons – Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.